A Comprehensive Review About the Utilization of Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors and Combination Therapy in Hepatocellular Carcinoma: An Updated Review Publisher



Sharafi F¹ ; Hasani SA² ; Alesaeidi S³ ; Kahrizi MS⁴ ; Adili A^{5, 6} ; Ghoreishizadeh S⁷ ; Shomali N⁷ ; Tamjidifar R^{8, 10} ; Aslaminabad R⁸ ; Akbari M^{7, 9}
Source: Cancer Cell International Published:2022

Abstract

A pharmacological class known as immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) has been developed as a potential treatment option for various malignancies, including HCC. In HCC, ICIs have demonstrated clinically significant advantages as monotherapy or combination therapy. ICIs that target programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1) and programmed cell death protein ligand 1 (PD-L1), as well as cytotoxic T lymphocyte antigen 4 (CTLA-4), have made significant advances in cancer treatment. In hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), several ICIs are being tested in clinical trials, and the area is quickly developing. As immunotherapy-related adverse events (irAEs) linked with ICI therapy expands and gain worldwide access, up-to-date management guidelines become crucial to the safety profile of ICIs. This review aims to describe the evidence for ICIs in treating HCC, emphasizing the use of combination ICIs. © 2022, The Author(s).