3D Nanoscaffolds: Bridging the Gap Between Tumor Microenvironment and Therapy

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3D Nanoscaffolds: Bridging the Gap Between Tumor Microenvironment and Therapy Publisher Pubmed

Vakili Ghartavol R ; Nekounam H ; Ghaderi Sede M J ; Safari M ; Nazeri N

Source: Biomedicine and Pharmacotherapy Published:2026

Abstract

The tumor microenvironment (TME) comprises both cellular components—including cancer cells and non-malignant immune and stromal cells—and non-cellular components, such as the extracellular matrix. Through intricate signaling interactions, these elements collectively regulate tumor initiation, progression, metastasis, and resistance to anticancer therapies. Consequently, targeting and modulating the TME offers novel and valuable insights into the complex mechanisms driving tumor heterogeneity and disease progression. Given recent advances in nanomedicine, a variety of sophisticated 3D scaffolds with favorable physicochemical properties have been developed to model the TME and serve as localized delivery platforms. In particular, TME-responsive scaffolds are noteworthy for their capacity to respond to key components and signals within the TME. Here, we review the classification, characteristics, and functional roles of the key components of the TME. This review also highlights the applications, advancements, and future prospects of 3D scaffolds, focusing on their use in 3D TME modeling and localized delivery systems. Furthermore, we discuss the limitations of conventional TME modeling and drug delivery systems and provide future perspectives on 3D scaffolds. Copyright © 2026. Published by Elsevier Masson SAS.

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Style	Citing Format
MLA	Vakili Ghartavol R, et al.. "3D Nanoscaffolds: Bridging the Gap Between Tumor Microenvironment and Therapy." Biomedicine and Pharmacotherapy, vol. 200, no. , 2026, pp. -.
APA	Vakili Ghartavol R, Nekounam H, Ghaderi Sede M J, Safari M, Nazeri N (2026). 3D Nanoscaffolds: Bridging the Gap Between Tumor Microenvironment and Therapy. Biomedicine and Pharmacotherapy, 200(), -.
Chicago	Vakili Ghartavol R, Nekounam H, Ghaderi Sede M J, Safari M, Nazeri N. "3D Nanoscaffolds: Bridging the Gap Between Tumor Microenvironment and Therapy." Biomedicine and Pharmacotherapy 200, no. (2026): -.
Harvard	Vakili Ghartavol R et al. (2026) '3D Nanoscaffolds: Bridging the Gap Between Tumor Microenvironment and Therapy', Biomedicine and Pharmacotherapy, 200(), pp. -.
Vancouver	Vakili Ghartavol R, Nekounam H, Ghaderi Sede M J, Safari M, Nazeri N. 3D Nanoscaffolds: Bridging the Gap Between Tumor Microenvironment and Therapy. Biomedicine and Pharmacotherapy. 2026;200():-.
BibTex	@article{ author = {Vakili Ghartavol R and Nekounam H and Ghaderi Sede M J and Safari M and Nazeri N}, title = {3D Nanoscaffolds: Bridging the Gap Between Tumor Microenvironment and Therapy}, journal = {Biomedicine and Pharmacotherapy}, volume = {200}, number = {}, pages = {-}, year = {2026} }
RIS	TY - JOUR AU - Vakili Ghartavol R AU - Nekounam H AU - Ghaderi Sede M J AU - Safari M AU - Nazeri N TI - 3D Nanoscaffolds: Bridging the Gap Between Tumor Microenvironment and Therapy JO - Biomedicine and Pharmacotherapy VL - 200 IS - SP - EP - PY - 2026 ER -

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