Tehran University of Medical Sciences

Science Communicator Platform

Faculty Members have conducted research related to the Emerging Resistance of Filamentous Bacteria in the Oral Cavity of Hiv-Positive Patients in Tehran, Iran
Babak Pourakbari
Babak Pourakbari

Professor of Medical Bacteriology

Pediatric Infectious Diseases Research Center

Tehran University of Medical Sciences

Related Documents
1. Antimicrobial Resistance Patterns of the Gram-Positive Bacteria Isolated From Children With Bloodstream Infection in an Iranian Referral Hospital: A 6-Year Study, Infectious Disorders - Drug Targets (2018)
2. Bacterial Etiology and Antimicrobial Resistance Pattern of Pediatric Bloodstream Infections: A 5-Year Experience in an Iranian Referral Hospital, BMC Infectious Diseases (2024)
3. Three-Year Evaluation of the Nosocomial Infections in Pediatrics: Bacterial and Fungal Profile and Antimicrobial Resistance Pattern, Annals of Clinical Microbiology and Antimicrobials (2022)
4. Antibiotic Resistance and Genotyping of Gram-Negative Bacteria Causing Hospital-Acquired Infection in Patients Referred to Children’S Medical Center, Infection and Drug Resistance (2019)
5. Antimicrobial Resistance Patterns of Gram-Negative Bacteria Isolated From Bloodstream Infections in an Iranian Referral Paediatric Hospital: A 5.5-Year Study, Journal of Global Antimicrobial Resistance (2017)
6. Antimicrobial Susceptibility of Microorganisms Isolated From Sputum Culture of Patients With Cystic Fibrosis: Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus As a Serious Concern, Microbial Pathogenesis (2016)
7. Antibiotic Resistance and Genotyping of Gram-Positive Bacteria Causing Hospital-Acquired Infection in Patients Referring to Children’S Medical Center, Infection and Drug Resistance (2019)
8. Antimicrobial Susceptibility and Genotyping of Microorganisms Isolated From Sputum Culture of Children With Cystic Fibrosis in an Iranian Referral Children’S Hospital; [Antimikrobielle Suszeptibilitat Und Genotypisierung Von Mikroorganismen, Die Aus Sputumkulturen Von Kindern Mit Zystischer Fibrose in Einem Iranischen Kinderkrankenhaus Isoliert Wurden], Wiener Medizinische Wochenschrift (2023)
All Documents
1. Antimicrobial Resistance Patterns and Carbapenemase Gene Distribution in Pediatric Pseudomonas Aeruginosa Isolates: Molecular and Epidemiological Insights From an Iranian Referral Center, BMC Microbiology (2026)
2. Pediatric Pulmonary and Extrapulmonary Tuberculosis: Immunological and Diagnostic Perspectives, BMC Infectious Diseases (2026)
3. The Burden of Antimicrobial-Resistant Pseudomonas Aeruginosa Isolates in Children With Cystic Fibrosis: Molecular Characterization and Genotyping Analysis, MicrobiologyOpen (2026)
4. Carbapenem Resistance in Gram-Negative Pathogens in an Iranian Hospital: High Prevalence of Oxa-Type Carbapenemase Genes, Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics (2025)
5. Changing Epidemiology and Antimicrobial Resistance of Bacterial Childhood Diarrhea: Insights From a 7-Year Study in an Iranian Referral Hospital, Foodborne Pathogens and Disease (2025)
6. Evaluation of Anti-Pertussis Antibody Levels in Iranian Infants and Children: Is It Time to Include Booster Acellular Pertussis Vaccines in the Immunization Schedule?, Vaccine (2025)
7. Evaluation of Common Respiratory Viruses Other Than Sars-Cov-2 in Hospitalized Children During the Covid-19 Pandemic, BMC Infectious Diseases (2025)
8. From Conventional Detection to Point-Of-Care Tests (Poct) Method for Pediatric Respiratory Infections Diagnosis: A Systematic Review, Archives of Iranian Medicine (2025)
9. Molecular Epidemiology of Carbapenemase-Producing Pseudomonas Aeruginosa: An Iranian Referral Hospital-Based Study, Foodborne pathogens and disease (2025)
10. Predicting Covid-19 Severity in Pediatric Patients Using Machine Learning: A Comparative Analysis of Algorithms and Ensemble Methods, Scientific Reports (2025)
11. Bacterial Etiology and Antimicrobial Resistance Pattern of Pediatric Bloodstream Infections: A 5-Year Experience in an Iranian Referral Hospital, BMC Infectious Diseases (2024)
12. Diagnostic Accuracy of the Ifn-Γ Release Assay Using Rd1 Immunodominant T-Cell Antigens for Diagnosis of Extrapulmonary Tuberculosis, FEMS Microbiology Letters (2024)
13. High Prevalence of Carbapenem Resistance and Clonal Expansion of Blandm Gene in Klebsiella Pneumoniae Isolates in an Iranian Referral Pediatric Hospital, Gut Pathogens (2024)
14. Measles Immunity Status in Iranian Infants and Children and Outbreak Concerns: Time for Reconsidering the Vaccination Schedule?, Vaccine (2024)
15. Monitoring Over a Decade in the Serotype Prevalence of Streptococcus Pneumoniae in Iran: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis, Infectious Disorders - Drug Targets (2024)
16. Pediatric Cystic Echinococcosis in Tehran, Iran: A 9-Year Retrospective Epidemiological and Clinical Survey of Hospitalized Cases, Foodborne Pathogens and Disease (2024)
17. Post-Discharge Follow-Up of Pediatric Covid-19 Patients: Insights Into Serological Dynamics, Frontiers in Microbiology (2024)
18. Predictive Factors for Covid-19 Severity and Mortality in Hospitalized Children, BMC Infectious Diseases (2024)
19. Antimicrobial Resistance Patterns of Gram-Negative Bacteria in an Iranian Referral Pediatric Hospital: A Present Danger of New Delhi Metallo-Β-Lactamase, Infectious Disorders - Drug Targets (2023)
20. Antimicrobial Susceptibility and Genotyping of Microorganisms Isolated From Sputum Culture of Children With Cystic Fibrosis in an Iranian Referral Children’S Hospital; [Antimikrobielle Suszeptibilitat Und Genotypisierung Von Mikroorganismen, Die Aus Sputumkulturen Von Kindern Mit Zystischer Fibrose in Einem Iranischen Kinderkrankenhaus Isoliert Wurden], Wiener Medizinische Wochenschrift (2023)
21. Association of Body Mass Index With Covid-19 Outcome in a Pediatric Tertiary Referral Hospital in Iran, Archives de Pediatrie (2023)
22. Clinical and Laboratory Features of Sars-Cov-2 Variants Across Multiple Rounds of Pandemic Waves in Hospitalized Children in an Iranian Referral Hospital, BMC Pediatrics (2023)
23. Detection of Antibiotic-Resistant Bacteria and Resistance Genes Shv, Tem, and Ctx-M in Drinking Waters in Tehran, Iran, Water Supply (2023)
24. Enhancement of Hypericin Nanoparticle-Mediated Sonoinduced Disruption of Biofilm and Persister Cells of Streptococcus Mutans by Dermcidin-Derived Peptide Dcd-1L, Photodiagnosis and Photodynamic Therapy (2023)
25. Sars-Cov-2 Fecal Shedding Pattern in Pediatric Patients With Acute Covid-19 or Covid-19-Associated Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome, Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics (2023)
26. Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis on the Serological, Immunological, and Cardiac Parameters of the Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome (Mis-C) Associated With Sars-Cov-2 Infection, Journal of Medical Virology (2023)
27. Children With Sars-Cov-2 Infection During the Novel Coronaviral Disease (Covid-19) Outbreak in Iran: An Alarming Concern for Severity and Mortality of the Disease, BMC Infectious Diseases (2022)
28. Contribution of Antimicrobial Photo-Sonodynamic Therapy in Wound Healing: An in Vivo Effect of Curcumin-Nisin-Based Poly (L-Lactic Acid) Nanoparticle on Acinetobacter Baumannii Biofilms, BMC Microbiology (2022)
29. Covid-19 Infection in Children With Underlying Malignancies in Iran, Journal of Basic and Clinical Physiology and Pharmacology (2022)
30. Evaluation of Human Coronavirus Oc43 and Sars-Cov-2 in Children With Respiratory Tract Infection During the Covid-19 Pandemic, Journal of Medical Virology (2022)
31. Evaluation of Response to Different Covid-19 Vaccines in Vaccinated Healthcare Workers in a Single Center in Iran, Journal of Medical Virology (2022)
32. High Frequency of Antimicrobial Resistance and Virulence Gene in Shigella Species Isolated From Pediatric Patients in an Iranian Referral Hospital, Acta Biomedica (2022)
33. Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome Associated With Sars-Cov-2 Infection in Children: Update and New Insights From the Second Report of an Iranian Referral Hospital, Epidemiology and Infection (2022)
34. Pediatric Tuberculosis in Iran: A Review of 10-Years Study in an Iranian Referral Hospital, Acta Biomedica (2022)
35. Sars-Cov-2 Transmission Among Healthcare Workers in Iran: An Urgent Need for Early Identification and Management, Infectious Disorders - Drug Targets (2022)
36. Three-Year Evaluation of the Nosocomial Infections in Pediatrics: Bacterial and Fungal Profile and Antimicrobial Resistance Pattern, Annals of Clinical Microbiology and Antimicrobials (2022)
37. Covid-19 and Congenital Heart Disease: A Case Series of Nine Children, World Journal of Pediatrics (2021)
38. Cystic Echinococcosis in Children: High Frequency of Multiple Organs Involved in the North of Iran, Infectious Disorders - Drug Targets (2021)
39. Cytomegalovirus Infection and Guillain-Barre Syndrome: The First Case-Control Study in Iran, Iranian Journal of Child Neurology (2021)
40. Detection of Sars-Cov-2 Antibodies in Pediatric Patients: An Iranian Referral Hospital-Based Study, Human Antibodies (2021)
41. Differential Gene Expression of Asun, Nemf, Ptprc and Dhx29: Candidate Biomarkers for the Diagnosis of Active and Latent Tuberculosis, Infectious Disorders - Drug Targets (2021)
42. Effects of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (Covid-19) on Peripheral Blood Lymphocytes and Their Subsets in Children: Imbalanced Cd4+/Cd8+ T Cell Ratio and Disease Severity, Frontiers in Pediatrics (2021)
43. Novel Coronavirus Disease 2019 (Covid-19) Outbreak in Children in Iran: Atypical Ct Manifestations and Mortality Risk of Severe Covid-19 Infection, Journal of Microbiology# Immunology and Infection (2021)
44. Sars-Cov-2 Rnaaemia in Children: An Iranian Referral Hospital-Based Study, Journal of Medical Virology (2021)
45. Antimicrobial Resistance and Genotyping of Bacteria Isolated From Urinary Tract Infection in Children in an Iranian Referral Hospital, Infection and Drug Resistance (2020)
46. Can Interferon-Γ Release Assays Be Useful for Monitoring the Response to Anti-Tuberculosis Treatment?: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis, Archivum Immunologiae et Therapiae Experimentalis (2020)
47. Clinical and Epidemiologic Features of Visceral Leishmaniasis in Children: A 6-Year Study From an Iranian Referral Hospital, Infectious Disorders - Drug Targets (2020)
48. Epidemiologic and Clinical Findings of Children With Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome in Four Provinces of Iran, Wiener Medizinische Wochenschrift (2020)
49. Evaluation of Treatment Response in Active Tuberculosis Using Quantiferon-Tb Gold Plus, European Cytokine Network (2020)
50. High Prevalence of Latent Tuberculosis in Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplant Recipients: A First Report, Pediatric Transplantation (2020)
51. Modulation of Virulence in Enterococcus Faecalis Cells Surviving Antimicrobial Photodynamic Inactivation With Reduced Graphene Oxide-Curcumin: An Ex Vivo Biofilm Model, Photodiagnosis and Photodynamic Therapy (2020)
52. Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome Associated With Sars-Cov-2 Infection in 45 Children: A First Report From Iran, Epidemiology and Infection (2020)
53. Prevalence of Active Tuberculosis Infection in Transplant Recipients: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis, Microbial Pathogenesis (2020)
54. The Causative Organisms of Bacterial Meningitis and Their Antimicrobial Resistance Profiles in Iranian Children in 2011-2016, Infectious Disorders - Drug Targets (2020)
55. The Coronavirus Disease 2019 (Covid-19) in Children: A Study in an Iranian Children’S Referral Hospital, Infection and Drug Resistance (2020)
56. The First Confirmed Case of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (Covid-19) in an Adolescent With Abdominal Pain in Iran, Tanaffos (2020)
57. An Outbreak of Esbl-Producing Klebsiella Pneumoniae in an Iranian Referral Hospital: Epidemiology and Molecular Typing, Infectious Disorders - Drug Targets (2019)
58. Antibiotic Resistance and Genotyping of Gram-Negative Bacteria Causing Hospital-Acquired Infection in Patients Referred to Children’S Medical Center, Infection and Drug Resistance (2019)
59. Antibiotic Resistance and Genotyping of Gram-Positive Bacteria Causing Hospital-Acquired Infection in Patients Referring to Children’S Medical Center, Infection and Drug Resistance (2019)
60. Antimicrobial-Resistance Pattern of Shigella Species in Children: A Six-Year Study in an Iranian Referral Hospital, Annali di Igiene Medicina Preventiva e di Comunita (2019)
61. Comparison of the Quantiferon-Tb Gold Plus and Quantiferon-Tb Gold In-Tube Interferon-Γ Release Assays: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis, Advances in Medical Sciences (2019)
62. Diagnostic Accuracy of Interferon (Ifn)-Γ Inducible Protein 10 (Ip-10) As a Biomarker for the Discrimination of Active and Latent Tuberculosis, Molecular Biology Reports (2019)
63. Diagnostic Accuracy of Monocyte Chemotactic Protein (Mcp)-2 As Biomarker in Response to Pe35/Ppe68 Proteins: A Promising Diagnostic Method for the Discrimination of Active and Latent Tuberculosis, Protein and Peptide Letters (2019)
64. Epidemiologic, Clinical, and Laboratory Characteristics of Childhood Brucellosis: A Study in an Iranian Childrenʼs Referral Hospital; [Epidemiologische, Klinische Und Laborcharakteristika Der Kindlichen Brucellose: Eine Studie in Einem Iranischen Schwerpunkt-Kinderkrankenhaus], Wiener Medizinische Wochenschrift (2019)
65. Epidemiology of Echinococcosis in Iran: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis, BMC Infectious Diseases (2019)
66. Evaluation of Interleukin-12 Receptor Β1 and Interferon Gamma Receptor 1 Deficiency in Patients With Disseminated Bcg Infection, Allergologia et Immunopathologia (2019)
67. Evaluation of the Quantiferon®-Tb Gold In-Tube Assay and Tuberculin Skin Test for the Diagnosis of Latent Tuberculosis Infection in an Iranian Referral Hospital, Infectious Disorders - Drug Targets (2019)
68. Molecular Characteristics and Antibiotic Resistance Profiles of Escherichia Coli Strains Isolated From Urinary Tract Infections in Children Admitted to Children's Referral Hospital of Qom, Iran, Annali di Igiene Medicina Preventiva e di Comunita (2019)
69. Phenotypic and Genotypic Determinants of Mupirocin Resistance Among Staphylococcus Aureus Isolates Recovered From Clinical Samples of Children: An Iranian Hospital-Based Study, Infection and Drug Resistance (2019)
70. Phenotypic and Genotypic Evaluation of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus Strains Isolated From Children in Tehran Children's Medical Center, 2016, Journal of Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences (2019)
71. Prevalence of Tb/ Hiv Co-Infection in Iran: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis, Annali di Igiene Medicina Preventiva e di Comunita (2019)
72. Screening of Healthcare Workers for Latent Tuberculosis Infection in the Low Tuberculosis Burden Country: Quantiferon-Tb Gold in Tube Test or Tuberculin Skin Test?, Archives of Environmental and Occupational Health (2019)
73. An Increasing Threat in an Iranian Referral Children's Hospital: Multidrug-Resistant Acinetobacter Baumannii, Infectious Disorders - Drug Targets (2018)
74. Antimicrobial Resistance Patterns of the Gram-Positive Bacteria Isolated From Children With Bloodstream Infection in an Iranian Referral Hospital: A 6-Year Study, Infectious Disorders - Drug Targets (2018)
75. Association of Virulence Gene Expression With Colistin-Resistance in Acinetobacter Baumannii: Analysis of Genotype, Antimicrobial Susceptibility, and Biofilm Formation, Annals of Clinical Microbiology and Antimicrobials (2018)
76. Construction and Evaluation of a Whole-Cell Pneumococcal Vaccine Candidate, Journal of Applied Microbiology (2018)
77. Effects of Oral Probiotic Feeding on Toll-Like Receptor Gene Expression of the Chicken's Cecal Tonsil, Reports of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (2018)
78. Efficacy of Whole-Cell Pneumococcal Vaccine in Mice: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis, Microbial Pathogenesis (2018)
79. Exploring Different Photosensitizers to Optimize Elimination of Planktonic and Biofilm Forms of Enterococcus Faecalis From Infected Root Canal During Antimicrobial Photodynamic Therapy, Photodiagnosis and Photodynamic Therapy (2018)
80. High Frequency of Metronidazole and Clarithromycin-Resistant Helicobacter Pylori in Formalin-Fixed, Paraffin-Embedded Gastric Biopsies, British Journal of Biomedical Science (2018)
81. Identification of Etiologic Agents of the Pertussis-Like Syndrome in Children by Real-Time Pcr Method, Prague medical report (2018)
82. Molecular Analysis of Pseudomonas Aeruginosa Metallo-Beta-Lactamase: A First Report of an Iranian Referral Pediatric Hospital, Infectious Disorders - Drug Targets (2018)
83. Prevalence of Latent Tuberculosis Infection in Transplant Candidates: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis, Microbial Pathogenesis (2018)
84. Acute Osteomyelitis and Septic Arthritis in Children: A Referral Hospital-Based Study in Iran, Wiener Medizinische Wochenschrift (2017)
85. Antibiotic Susceptibility of Helicobacter Pylori Strains Isolated From Iranian Children: High Frequency of A2143g Point Mutation Associated With Clarithromycin Resistance, Journal of Global Antimicrobial Resistance (2017)
86. Antimicrobial Resistance Patterns of Gram-Negative Bacteria Isolated From Bloodstream Infections in an Iranian Referral Paediatric Hospital: A 5.5-Year Study, Journal of Global Antimicrobial Resistance (2017)
87. Expression of Major Efflux Pumps in Fluconazole-Resistant Candida Albicans, Infectious Disorders - Drug Targets (2017)
88. Interferon Gamma Release Assay in Response to Pe35/Ppe68 Proteins: A Promising Diagnostic Method for Diagnosis of Latent Tuberculosis, European Cytokine Network (2017)
89. Molecular Epidemiology of Staphylococcus Aureus Nasal Colonization Among Patients and Their Parents /Guardian in an Iranian Referral Hospital, Microbial Pathogenesis (2017)
90. Prevalence and Antimicrobial Susceptibility of Salmonella and Shigella Spp. Among Children With Gastroenteritis in an Iranian Referral Hospital, Microbial Pathogenesis (2017)
91. Recent Approaches in Whole Cell Pneumococcal Vaccine Development: A Review Study, Iranian Journal of Microbiology (2017)
92. The Effect of Antimicrobial Photodynamic Therapy on the Expression of Novel Methicillin Resistance Markers Determined Using Cdna-Aflp Approach in Staphylococcus Aureus, Photodiagnosis and Photodynamic Therapy (2017)
93. The Efficacy of Photodynamic and Photothermal Therapy on Biofilm Formation of Streptococcus Mutans: An in Vitro Study, Photodiagnosis and Photodynamic Therapy (2017)
94. Antimicrobial Properties of Poly (Methyl Methacrylate) Acrylic Resins Incorporated With Silicon Dioxide and Titanium Dioxide Nanoparticles on Cariogenic Bacteria, Journal of Orthodontic Science (2016)
95. Antimicrobial Resistance of Acinetobacter Baumannii to Imipenem in Iran: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis, Open Microbiology Journal (2016)
96. Antimicrobial Susceptibility of Microorganisms Isolated From Sputum Culture of Patients With Cystic Fibrosis: Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus As a Serious Concern, Microbial Pathogenesis (2016)
97. Aseptic Meningitis After Measles–Mumps–Rubella (Mmr) Vaccination, British Journal of Biomedical Science (2016)
98. Clinical, Cytological and Microbiological Evaluation of Bronchoalveolar Lavage in Children: A Referral Hospital-Based Study, Microbial Pathogenesis (2016)
99. Epidemiology of Children With Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (Stage 3): A Referral Hospital-Based Study in Iran, Journal of Medical Virology (2016)
100. Evaluation of Efflux Pumps Gene Expression in Resistant Pseudomonas Aeruginosa Isolates in an Iranian Referral Hospital, Iranian Journal of Microbiology (2016)
101. Evaluation of Photo-Activated Disinfection Effectiveness With Methylene Blue Against Porphyromonas Gingivalis Involved in Endodontic Infection: An in Vitro Study, Photodiagnosis and Photodynamic Therapy (2016)
102. First-Line Anti-Tubercular Drug Resistance of Mycobacterium Tuberculosis in Iran: A Systematic Review, Frontiers in Microbiology (2016)
103. High Frequency of Vancomycin Resistant Enterococcus Faecalis in Children: An Alarming Concern, Journal of Preventive Medicine and Hygiene (2016)
104. Improving T-Cell Assays for Diagnosis of Latent Tb Infection: Confirmation of the Potential Role of Testing Interleukin-2 Release in Iranian Patients, Allergologia et Immunopathologia (2016)
105. Intrafamilial Transmission of Helicobacter Pylori: Genotyping of Faecal Samples, British Journal of Biomedical Science (2016)
106. Modulation of Virulence in Acinetobacter Baumannii Cells Surviving Photodynamic Treatment With Toluidine Blue, Photodiagnosis and Photodynamic Therapy (2016)
107. Association of Il4 Single-Nucleotide Polymorphisms With Febrile Seizures, Journal of Child Neurology (2015)
108. Clinical, Laboratory and Imaging Findings of the Patients With Disseminated Bacilli Calmette-Guerin Disease, Allergologia et Immunopathologia (2015)
109. Discriminating Between Latent and Active Tuberculosis: The Role of Interleukin-2 As Biomarker, Journal of Infection (2015)
110. Effects of Baseplates of Orthodontic Appliances With in Situ Generated Silver Nanoparticles on Cariogenic Bacteria: A Randomized, Doubleblind Cross-Over Clinical Trial, Journal of Contemporary Dental Practice (2015)
111. Emergence of Community-Acquired Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus in an Iranian Referral Paediatric Hospital, British Journal of Biomedical Science (2015)
112. Genotypic and Antimicrobial Susceptibility of Carbapenem-Resistant Acinetobacter Baumannii: Analysis of Is Aba Elements and Blaoxa-23-Like Genes Including a New Variant, Frontiers in Microbiology (2015)
113. Impaired In-Vitro Responses to Il-12 and Ifn-Γ in Iranian Patients With Mendelian Susceptibility to Mycobacterial Disease, Allergologia et immunopathologia (2015)
114. In Vitro Evaluation of the Antimicrobial Activity of Nanosilver-Mineral Trioxide Aggregate Against Frequent Anaerobic Oral Pathogens by a Membrane-Enclosed Immersion Test, Biomedical Journal (2015)
115. Investigation of Erg11 Gene Expression Among Fluconazole-Resistant Candida Albicans: First Report From an Iranian Referral Paediatric Hospital, British Journal of Biomedical Science (2015)
116. Novel T-Cell Assays for the Discrimination of Active and Latent Tuberculosis Infection: The Diagnostic Value of Ppe Family, Molecular Diagnosis and Therapy (2015)
117. Wide Distribution of Carbapenem Resistant Acinetobacter Baumannii in Burns Patients in Iran, Frontiers in Microbiology (2015)