Small Extracellular Vesicle Tgf-Β in Cancer Progression and Immune Evasion Publisher Pubmed



Hosseini R¹ ; Hosseinzadeh N¹ ; Asefkabiri L¹ ; Akbari A¹ ; Ghezelbash B² ; Sarvnaz H³ ; Akbari ME¹
Source: Cancer Gene Therapy Published:2023

Abstract

Transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) is a well-known cytokine that controls various processes in normal physiology and disease context. Strong preclinical and clinical literature supports the crucial roles of the TGF-β in several aspects of cancer biology. Recently emerging evidence reveals that the release of TGF-β from tumor/immune/stromal cells in small extracellular vesicles (sEVs) plays an important part in tumor development and immune evasion. Hence, this review aims to address the packaging, release, and signaling pathways of TGF-β carried in sEVs (sEV-TGF-β) in cancer, and to explore its underpinning roles in tumor development, growth, progression, metastasis, etc. We also highlight key progresses in deciphering the roles of sEV-TGF-β in subverting anti-tumor immune responses. The paper ends with a focus on the clinical significance of TGF-β carried in sEVs and draws attention to its diagnostic, therapeutic, and prognostic importance. © 2023, The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature America, Inc.