Associations of Urinary Metabolites of Parabens and Bisphenol a With Premature Thelarche Among a Sample of Iranian Girls Publisher Pubmed



Mozafarian N ; Hashemipour M ; Maracy MR ; Galehdari H ; Kelishadi R
Source: JCRPE Journal of Clinical Research in Pediatric Endocrinology Published:2026

Abstract

Objective: Endocrine-disrupting chemicals may influence the process of puberty including the development of premature thelarche (PT). Our aim was to investigate the relationship between exposure to bisphenol A (BPA) and parabens with PT among a sample of Iranian girls. Methods: This case-control study was conducted in 2022-2023 on girls with a mean (standard deviation) age of 7.5 (0.6) years in Isfahan, Iran. Participants were 90 newly diagnosed PT cases and 114 healthy controls. Spot urine samples were collected from both groups to measure the levels of BPA and paraben metabolites. Analyses of BPA and paraben metabolites included methyl paraben (MeP), ethyl paraben (EtP), propyl paraben, and butyl paraben and benzyl paraben and were performed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The association between concentrations of creatinine-standardized urinary BPA and parabens and PT was analyzed with multiple logistic regression models, after adjusting for potential confounders. Results: The results showed that individuals in the highest quartile of MeP [odds ratio (OR)=4.3, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.2-14.9, p=0.023], EtP (OR=4.7, 95% CI: 1.3-17.2, p=0.018) and BPA (OR=5.03, 95% CI: 1.4-17.9, p=0.013) had a significantly higher odds for PT compared to those in the lowest quartile. Conclusion: The findings of this study suggest that exposure to BPA, MeP and EtP is related to increased odds of early breast development in girls. Limiting the exposure to these chemicals may help to reduce the risk of PT. ©Copyright 2026 by Turkish Society for Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes.