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Global Burden of Elevated Ldl-C Findings From the Global Burden of Disease Study 2023 Publisher Pubmed

Summary: Why is high LDL still a growing global burden? A global analysis found falling age-adjusted rates but a rising total burden due to population growth and aging. #Cholesterol #GlobalHealth

Razo C ; Decleene N K ; Johnson C O ; Stark B A ; Legrand K ; Aalruz H ; Abaraogu U O ; Elhafeez S A ; Abdelmasseh M ; Abdelnabi M ; Abd Elsalam S ; Elshenawy R A ; Abdelwahab S I ; Abdolizadeh A Show All Authors
Authors
  1. Razo C
  2. Decleene N K
  3. Johnson C O
  4. Stark B A
  5. Legrand K
  6. Aalruz H
  7. Abaraogu U O
  8. Elhafeez S A
  9. Abdelmasseh M
  10. Abdelnabi M
  11. Abd Elsalam S
  12. Elshenawy R A
  13. Abdelwahab S I
  14. Abdolizadeh A
  15. Abdollahi A
  16. Abdoun M
  17. Abdrabou M M
  18. Abdulah D M
  19. Abdullahi A
  20. Abdul Rahman T
  21. Abebe M S
  22. Getahun H A
  23. Abiodun O O
  24. Abiodun O
  25. Abohashem S
  26. Abonie U S
  27. Abourashed N M
  28. Abramov D
  29. Abrar M M
  30. Abtahi D
  31. Farha R K A
  32. Abubakar B
  33. Abuhelwa A Y
  34. Abukhadijah H J
  35. Aburuz S
  36. Abushanab D
  37. Adams L C
  38. Adamu N L L
  39. Adane M M
  40. Addo I Y
  41. Adedokun K A
  42. Adegbile O E
  43. Adegoke N A
  44. Adekola S A
  45. Adeleke O T
  46. Adesina M A
  47. Adisu M A
  48. Adnan M
  49. Afoakwah C
  50. Afolabi A A
  51. Afrashteh F
  52. Afrifa Yamoah E
  53. Afzal S
  54. Agordoh P D
  55. Agyemang Duah W
  56. Ahmad A
  57. Ahmad K
  58. Ahmad S
  59. Ahmed A
  60. Ahmed G S
  61. Ahmed L A
  62. Ahmed M S
  63. Ahmed M S A
  64. Ahmed M
  65. Ahmed N
  66. Ahmed S A
  67. Ahmed Z
  68. Aiyer A
  69. Ajami M
  70. Akalanka K H M
  71. Akhtar M N
  72. Akindele M O
  73. Akkaif M A
  74. Akrami A E
  75. Akyea R K
  76. Al Hasan S M
  77. Al Zoubi M A M
  78. Alahdab F
  79. Al Ahmad M M
  80. Alajajian S
  81. Alajlani M M
  82. Alalwan T A
  83. Al Aly Z
  84. Al Amri I S
  85. Alanzi T M
  86. Alarifi A
  87. Al Ashwal F Y
  88. Al Azayzih A
  89. Al Azzam S
  90. Al Bashaireh A M
  91. Albashtawy M
  92. Al Dewik N
  93. Aleidi S M
  94. Algahtani F D
  95. Algammal A M
  96. Alhabib K F
  97. Alhalaiqa F N
  98. Ali A
  99. Ali B R
  100. Ali M D
  101. Ali M U
  102. Ali R
  103. Ali S S
  104. Al Iede M
  105. Alif S M
  106. Alipour M
  107. Al Jabi S W
  108. Aljunid S M
  109. Alkhatib M H
  110. Alkubati S A
  111. Allawi R H
  112. Allemailem K S
  113. Allouh M Z
  114. Almagharbeh W T
  115. Almahmeed W
  116. Al Marwani S
  117. Almazan J U
  118. Alnaeem M M
  119. Alniss H Y
  120. Alomari M A
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  122. Alqahtani S A
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  127. Alrimawi I
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  144. Mohammadi M A
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Source: JAMA Published:2026


Abstract

IMPORTANCE Elevated low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) is a modifiable risk factor for cardiovascular disease, the leading cause of premature death worldwide. Assessing the LDL-C-related burden is critical for guiding prevention and treatment strategies. OBJECTIVES To estimate the global, regional, and national burden of ischemic heart disease and ischemic stroke attributable to elevated LDL-C (relative to 35-54 mg/dL) from 1990 to 2023 and to quantify the contributions of population growth, aging, risk-deleted burden, and exposure changes to burden trends. DESIGN, SETTING, AND POPULATION This comparative risk assessment, part of the Global Burden of Disease Study 2023, estimated population-level LDL-C exposure and associated health loss in 204 countries and territories. Mean LDL-C levels were estimated using spatiotemporal gaussian process regression based on 806 studies across 161 countries. Relative risks were derived from meta-analyses of 38 randomized clinical trials. Population-attributable fractions for deaths and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) were estimated by age and sex for adults aged 25 years or older from 1990 to 2023, with 95% uncertainty intervals. EXPOSURE Population-level LDL-C concentrations. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES Population-attributable fractions, counts, and rates (all ages and age standardized per 100 000) of LDL-C-attributable deaths and DALYs from ischemic heart disease and ischemic stroke, with uncertainty intervals. RESULTS In 2023, elevated LDL-C accounted for 3.6 million deaths (95% uncertainty interval, 2.2-5.4 million; 6.0% of global mortality) and 90.7 million DALYs (95% uncertainty interval, 58.9-123.3 million; 3.2% of DALYs). Although global all-ages rates remained stable, age-standardized death and DALY rates decreased by 45.6% and 39.5%, respectively, since 1990. In 2023, age-standardized LDL-C-attributable DALY rates were highest in Eastern Europe and lowest in high-income Asia-Pacific. One-third of the global LDL-C burden occurred in India and China. Population growth and aging drove the increasing burden, with notable regional disparities in LDL-C exposure and risk-deleted DALY rates shifting toward middle-sociodemographic settings. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE Despite declining age-standardized rates, the absolute LDL-C burden has increased since 1990 due to demographic changes and has shifted toward middle-sociodemographic countries. Measurement and surveillance gaps persist. Strengthened prevention, diagnosis, and treatment access strategies are essential to mitigate the health burden of LDL-C. © 2026 American Medical Association. All rights reserved, including those for text and data mining, AI training, and similar technologies.