Host and Microbiota Interaction in Depression Syndrome Publisher



Mohsenipour Z ; Keshavarz P ; Moghanloo ZS
Source: Brain Disorders Published:2025

Abstract

Depression is a multifactorial mental disorder with genetic, environmental, and neurobiological influences. More recently, the role of the gut microbiota in the pathophysiology of depression has received growing interest, placing the gut-brain axis as a key mediator in this relationship. Dysbiosis, or an imbalance in the gut microbial community, may correlate with neurotransmitter synthesis alteration, immune demodulation, and increased inflammation—all of which contribute to depressive symptoms. The current review discusses the growing evidence that supports the involvement of the gut microbiota in depression by focusing on its mechanisms of action, including microbial-driven neuroinflammation, as well as alterations in the production of 5-HT and γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and the modulation of the immune system. We also discuss interventions, including Fecal microbiota transplant (FMT) and dietary supplements, in an attempt to bring the gut microbiota to a healthy state and improve depressive symptoms. However, several challenges remain in translating microbiome-based therapies into clinical practice. Future research should focus on elucidating the exact microbial species involved, identifying biomarkers for targeted therapies, and conducting large-scale clinical trials to assess the long-term efficacy and safety of microbiome modulation as a treatment for depression. © 2025 Elsevier B.V., All rights reserved.