Total and Drinking Water Intake and Risk of All-Cause and Cardiovascular Mortality: A Systematic Review and Dose-Response Meta-Analysis of Prospective Cohort Studies Publisher Pubmed



Majdi M^{1, 2} ; Hosseini F³ ; Naghshi S³ ; Djafarian K³ ; Shabbidar S²
Source: International Journal of Clinical Practice Published:2021

Abstract

Background: Understanding the association between water consumption and mortality is important for guiding consumers and prioritizing dietary guidelines to reduce the risk. Therefore, in the current study, we conducted a systematic review and dose−response meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies to summarise the association between total water and drinking intake and risk of mortality from all causes and CVD. Method: A comprehensive search was performed on PubMed/Medline, Scopus, and ISI Web of Science up to February 2020. The random-effects model was used to calculate the pooled effect size (ES) and 95% confidence interval. Result: Seven prospective cohort studies were included in the systematic review and meta-analysis. During the follow-up period of 6 to 19.1 years, 14 754 deaths (7611 from cardiovascular disease) occurred among 116 816 participants. No significant association was found between drinking water intake and all-cause mortality (ES: 0.82; 95% CI: 0.63-1.08, I2 = 77.3%, P =.16). Total water intake was not associated with all-cause mortality (ES: 0.94; 95% CI: 0.82-1.08, I2 = 66.5%, P =.41). However, a significant inverse association was seen between total water intake and risk of CVD mortality (ES: 0.86; 95% CI: 0.78-0.95, I2 = 0%, P =.002). Linear dose−response meta-analysis revealed a significant inverse association between total water intake and all-cause mortality by an additional one cup per day (pooled ES: 0.98; 95% CI: 0.97-0.99, P =.001). Furthermore, each additional cup of total water intake per day was associated with a 3% lower risk of death from CVD (pooled ES: 0.97; 95% CI: 0.96-0.98, P <.001). Conclusion: High consumption of total water is associated with a lower risk of CVD mortality. However, total water intake was not associated with risk of all-cause mortality. © 2021 John Wiley & Sons Ltd