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Assays for Tramadol and Its Metabolites Publisher



Sheikholeslami B1 ; Torkamanian M2 ; Ardakani YH3 ; Jamali B3 ; Rouini M3
Authors

Source: Neuropathology of Drug Addictions and Substance Misuse Volume 3: General Processes and Mechanisms# Prescription Medications# Caffeine and Areca# Polydrug Misuse# Emerging Addictions and Non-Drug Addictions Published:2016


Abstract

Tramadol hydrochloride is an orally active and centrally acting opioid-like analgesic used for the treatment of moderate to severe pain. By considering the importance of tramadol in pain relief and its frequent use by patients, drug abusers, and addicted people, the ability to detect tramadol and related metabolites in human plasma and other biological fluids is of great importance in order to calculate pharmacokinetic parameters and to estimate the risk of toxicity and the possibility of drug addiction. Bioanalytical methods addressing the measurement of tramadol and its metabolites in biological samples, such as plasma, urine, and hair, are discussed. Techniques such as high-performance liquid chromatography, gas chromatography, capillary electrophoresis, all coupled to different detection systems, and some miscellaneous methods are covered in this review. © 2016 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
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