Fluorescence Properties of Methylene Blue Conjugated to Normal/Cancerous Human Tissues for Spectral Discrimination of Breast Cancer Stages (I-Iv)

Fluorescence Properties of Methylene Blue Conjugated to Normal/Cancerous Human Tissues for Spectral Discrimination of Breast Cancer Stages (I-Iv) Publisher

Khoshnevisan R ; Parvin P ; Ramezani F ; Noroozian D ; Nafissi N ; Matin PM ; Shariftabrizi A ; Atyabi F ; Hashamdar S

Source: Biomedical Optics Express Published:2026

Abstract

Laser-induced fluorescence (LIF) spectroscopy is utilized to differentiate normal/malignant breast cells/tissues and classify cancer stages, using the biocompatible methylene blue (MB) fluorophore. Cancerous cells (MCF-7) conjugated with MB exhibit a red shift of 3.96 ± 0.41nm, corresponding to ∼2.5 times higher signal intensity versus normal cells (MCF-10A). Regarding stages, tissue-level fluorescence intensity is elevated ∼2.5 times in stage I and ∼8 times in stage IV relative to healthy ones, with red-shifts ranging from 3.73 ± 0.75nm in stage I to 18.56 ± 2.15nm in stage IV. Thus, the LIF-MB technique offers a rapid, non-invasive method for both the early detection and grading of malignant tumors. The novelty of this work arises from the synergic contribution of the LIF and gravimetric validation for breast cancer staging. © 2026 Optica Publishing Group under the terms of the Optica Open Access Publishing Agreement.

Style	Citing Format
MLA	Khoshnevisan R, et al.. "Fluorescence Properties of Methylene Blue Conjugated to Normal/Cancerous Human Tissues for Spectral Discrimination of Breast Cancer Stages (I-Iv)." Biomedical Optics Express, vol. 17, no. 4, 2026, pp. 2111-2132.
APA	Khoshnevisan R, Parvin P, Ramezani F, Noroozian D, Nafissi N, Matin PM, Shariftabrizi A, Atyabi F, Hashamdar S (2026). Fluorescence Properties of Methylene Blue Conjugated to Normal/Cancerous Human Tissues for Spectral Discrimination of Breast Cancer Stages (I-Iv). Biomedical Optics Express, 17(4), 2111-2132.
Chicago	Khoshnevisan R, Parvin P, Ramezani F, Noroozian D, Nafissi N, Matin PM, Shariftabrizi A, Atyabi F, Hashamdar S. "Fluorescence Properties of Methylene Blue Conjugated to Normal/Cancerous Human Tissues for Spectral Discrimination of Breast Cancer Stages (I-Iv)." Biomedical Optics Express 17, no. 4 (2026): 2111-2132.
Harvard	Khoshnevisan R et al. (2026) 'Fluorescence Properties of Methylene Blue Conjugated to Normal/Cancerous Human Tissues for Spectral Discrimination of Breast Cancer Stages (I-Iv)', Biomedical Optics Express, 17(4), pp. 2111-2132.
Vancouver	Khoshnevisan R, Parvin P, Ramezani F, Noroozian D, Nafissi N, Matin PM, et al.. Fluorescence Properties of Methylene Blue Conjugated to Normal/Cancerous Human Tissues for Spectral Discrimination of Breast Cancer Stages (I-Iv). Biomedical Optics Express. 2026;17(4):2111-2132.
BibTex	@article{ author = {Khoshnevisan R and Parvin P and Ramezani F and Noroozian D and Nafissi N and Matin PM and Shariftabrizi A and Atyabi F and Hashamdar S}, title = {Fluorescence Properties of Methylene Blue Conjugated to Normal/Cancerous Human Tissues for Spectral Discrimination of Breast Cancer Stages (I-Iv)}, journal = {Biomedical Optics Express}, volume = {17}, number = {4}, pages = {2111-2132}, year = {2026} }
RIS	TY - JOUR AU - Khoshnevisan R AU - Parvin P AU - Ramezani F AU - Noroozian D AU - Nafissi N AU - Matin PM AU - Shariftabrizi A AU - Atyabi F AU - Hashamdar S TI - Fluorescence Properties of Methylene Blue Conjugated to Normal/Cancerous Human Tissues for Spectral Discrimination of Breast Cancer Stages (I-Iv) JO - Biomedical Optics Express VL - 17 IS - 4 SP - 2111 EP - 2132 PY - 2026 ER -

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