Molecular Biology and Genetic Change Definition Publisher



Ha Azodian Ghajar Helia AZODIAN ; M Ganjizadeh MARYAM ; H Roudgari HASSAN
Source: Published:2024

Abstract

Traits and characteristics of parents are transmitted to children through genes. The mechanism by which heritability is possible was unknown until the middle of the 20th century. Over time, it became clear that the reason for the transfer of traits is deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), not protein. This fact caused the definition of the central dogma of molecular biology (the central principle of molecular biology). This principle explains how genetic information flows in a biological system and how organisms receive genetic information from their parents and create new organisms. In fact, the central dogma is the method by which DNA instructions are converted into a functional product (usually a protein). There are a number of regulators involved in this process. DNA is first transcribed into ribonucleic acid (RNA), and RNA is translated into protein. Each of these steps has a multitude of regulatory steps that allow a single gene to generate many gene products with complex temporal and spatial patterns. Through the process of mutation, new genetic sequences can be created or inherited from either parent, which can have positive or negative effects on the organism. Several genetic and epigenetic biomarkers are considered tumor biomarkers in malignancies including urological malignancies (1). This chapter introduces the different types of mutations, their sources, and the possible effects of mutations on the gene product and the organism. © 2024 Elsevier B.V., All rights reserved.