Analysis of Push and Pull Factors in Nurse Migration: A Scoping Review; [لیلحتلماوعراشفوششکردترجاهم:ناراتسرپکیرورمیاهطیح] Publisher



Rad AMM ; Fazaeli AA ; Ebadi A ; Moghaddasi F
Source: Payesh Published:2026

Abstract

Objective(s): In recent decades, the migration of nurses has escalated significantly, reaching a critical juncture. This trend, primarily observed in the movement from developing to developed countries, presents a formidable challenge to enhancing health systems in the countries of origin. Understanding the underlying causes of nurse migration is a crucial first step toward effectively managing this phenomenon. Methods: This study was conducted as a scoping review. Relevant literature regarding the causes of nurse migration was gathered from reputable databases such as PubMed, Web of Science, and Scopus. The search employed specific keywords within the timeframe of January 2000 to May 2024. Ultimately, 73 pertinent studies were selected, and the data were analyzed using thematic analysis. Results: Findings indicate that the reasons behind nurses' migration can be categorized into two main groups: push and pull factors. Push factors include inadequate salaries and benefits, a mismatch between income and living expenses, unemployment and limited job opportunities, lack of personal security, and heavy workloads. Political instability and limited opportunities for career advancement are also significant contributors in this category.Pull factors involve higher and timely salaries and benefits, a higher standard and quality of life, educational and career advancement opportunities, and a safe working environment with proper care standards. Conclusion: The migration of nurses, influenced by both push and pull factors, poses a significant challenge for health systems worldwide. To address this issue, it is essential to enhance working conditions, which include improving salaries and benefits, adjusting nurse-to-patient ratios, and ensuring safe working environments. Furthermore, providing educational opportunities can boost nurses' motivation to stay in their home countries. Ensuring political stability and implementing cultural reforms to elevate the social standing of nurses are also vital in mitigating the adverse effects of migration. © 2026, Iranian Institute for Health Sciences Research. All rights reserved.