Immunotherapeutic Approaches in Cancer Publisher



Keshavarzfathi M^{1, 2, 3} ; Rezaei N^{3, 4, 5}
Source: Vaccines for Cancer Immunotherapy: An Evidence-Based Review on Current Status and Future Perspectives Published:2019

Abstract

Cancer immunotherapy has a long history with the first evidence recorded in the late 19th century. Coley's toxin was firstly used in a patient with sarcoma, and with subsequent regression of the tumor, numerous questions raised. Immunosurveillance and, afterwards, immunoediting hypothesis were described in order to figure out the immune system/tumor cells interactions. In order to overcome tumor immune scape, the third phase of cancer immunoediting, and to empower elimination step, immunotherapeutic modalities have been developed. They can be addressed from different views such as classification according to active or passive and specific or nonspecific approach. Herein, we evaluate passive immunotherapies in comparison to active immunotherapies. The immunotherapeutic interference in the main stages of the dynamic interaction between tumor cells and immune cells, from antigen presentation to attacking and destroying the tumor cells, are reviewed as well. Up to now, 40 immunotherapeutics have been approved for cancer treatment by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration for approximately 90 indications. The modalities include cytokines, toll-like receptor agonists, monoclonal antibodies (mAbs), radio-labeled mAbs, drug-conjugated mAbs, vaccine, immune checkpoint inhibitors, oncolytic virus, bispecific mAbs, and chimeric antigen receptor T cell therapy. We will review the drugs and their indications in this chapter. © 2019 Nima Rezaei and Mahsa Keshavarz-Fathi Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.