Covid-19 Transmission, Vulnerability, Persistence and Nanotherapy: A Review Publisher



Khan AH¹ ; Tirth V² ; Fawzy M³ ; Mahmoud AED³ ; Khan NA⁴ ; Ahmed S⁴ ; Ali SS⁵ ; Akram M⁶ ; Hameed L¹² ; Islam S⁷ ; Das G⁸ ; Roy S⁹ ; Dehghani MH^{10, 11}
Source: Environmental Chemistry Letters Published:2021

Abstract

End 2019, the zoonotic severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), named COVID-19 for coronavirus disease 2019, is the third adaptation of a contagious virus following the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus in 2002, SARS-CoV, and the Middle East respiratory syndrome virus in 2012, MERS-CoV. COVID-19 is highly infectious and virulent compared to previous outbreaks. We review sources, contagious routes, preventive measures, pandemic, outbreak, epidemiology of SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2 from 2002 to 2020 using a Medline search. We discuss the chronology of the three coronaviruses, the vulnerability of healthcare workers, coronaviruses on surface and in wastewater, diagnostics and cures, and measures to prevent spreading. © 2021, The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature Switzerland AG.