Long-Term Effects of Chemical Warfare on Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder, Depression, and Chronic Medical Conditions in Veterans Publisher Pubmed



Safiaghdam H¹ ; Shafie M² ; Khoshdel A³ ; Moazenzadeh E^{1, 3} ; Avakh F⁴ ; Rahmani A²
Source: Community Mental Health Journal Published:2019

Abstract

We investigated the association between exposure to chemical warfare and chronic mental/physical conditions. This was a secondary analysis of data from a case–control study on Iranian male veterans. Participants with neuropsychiatric disorders other than depressive/anxiety disorders, anatomical defects, or malignancies were excluded. Compared to non-exposed veterans, exposed veterans demonstrated significantly higher odds of PTSD [OR (95% CI) = 5.23 (1.98–13.85)], hypertension [OR (95% CI) = 5.57 (1.68–18.48)], coronary heart disease [OR (95% CI) = 6.8 (1.62–28.49)], and diabetes [OR (95% CI) = 3.88 (1.35–11.16)], and marginally higher odds of moderate to severe depressive symptoms [OR (95% CI) = 2.21 (0.93–5.28)]. This study provides preliminary evidence on association of exposure to chemical warfare with long-term mental disorders as well as chronic medical conditions. © 2018, Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature.