Diagnosis of Microbial Keratitis Using Smartphone-Captured Images; a Deep-Learning Model Publisher



Soleimani M^{1, 2, 3} ; Cheung AY⁴ ; Rahdar A^{5, 6} ; Kirakosyan A⁷ ; Tomaras N⁸ ; Lee I⁸ ; De Alba M⁸ ; Aminizade M¹ ; Esmaili K¹ ; Quirozcasian N^{4, 9} ; Ahmadi MJ¹⁰ ; Yousefi S^{5, 6} ; Cheraqpour K¹
Source: Journal of Ophthalmic Inflammation and Infection Published:2025

Abstract

Background: Microbial keratitis (MK) poses a substantial threat to vision and is the leading cause of corneal blindness. The outcome of MK is heavily reliant on immediate treatment following an accurate diagnosis. The current diagnostics are often hindered by the difficulties faced in low and middle-income countries where there may be a lack of access to ophthalmic units with clinical experts and standardized investigating equipment. Hence, it is crucial to develop new and expeditious diagnostic approaches. This study explores the application of deep learning (DL) in diagnosing and differentiating subtypes of MK using smartphone-captured images. Materials and methods: The dataset comprised 889 cases of bacterial keratitis (BK), fungal keratitis (FK), and acanthamoeba keratitis (AK) collected from 2020 to 2023. A convolutional neural network-based model was developed and trained for classification. Results: The study demonstrates the model’s overall classification accuracy of 83.8%, with specific accuracies for AK, BK, and FK at 81.2%, 82.3%, and 86.6%, respectively, with an AUC of 0.92 for the ROC curves. Conclusion: The model exhibits practicality, especially with the ease of image acquisition using smartphones, making it applicable in diverse settings. © The Author(s) 2025.