Assessment of the Construct of Paranoia in a Non-Clinical Sample: Validation of the Paranoia Scale Based on a Continuum Model Publisher Pubmed



Ma Fasakhoudi Maryam AMINI ; Am Masjediarani Abbas MASJEDI ; Ab Roudsari Abbas BAKHSHIPOUR ; M Mazaheri MARYAM ; A Shahi ASMA ; S Fatollahzadeh SAINA ; Mk Atefvahid Mohammad KAZEM
Source: BMC Psychology Published:2025

Abstract

Objectives: This study aimed to evaluate the psychometric properties of the Persian version of the Paranoia Scale (PS) in a sample of university students. Specifically, we assessed its structural validity, measurement invariance, reliability, and other psychometric characteristics to determine suitability for use in Persian-speaking populations. Methods: A total of 470 university students were recruited using a convenience sampling method over a six-month period. Participants completed the Paranoia Scale and other measures which were conceptually related to the concept of paranoia. Data analysis comprised descriptive statistics, correlation coefficients, measurement invariance, as well as principal component analysis and confirmatory factor analysis. Results: Principal component analysis (PCA) revealed a two-factor structure, comprising “Mistrust Thoughts” and “Persecutory Ideas.” Subsequently, a second-order confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) demonstrated an acceptable model fit, supporting the scale’s structural validity. Conclusions: Paranoid thoughts in non-clinical populations are phenomena of interest in their own right and may increases our understanding of delusions. Therefore, the Paranoia Scale suggest as a valid and reliable instrument with good internal consistency. © 2025 Elsevier B.V., All rights reserved.