The Neurotoxic Mechanisms of Graphene Family Nanomaterials at the Cellular Level: A Solution-Based Approach Review Publisher Pubmed



Ghazimoradi MM¹ ; Azad FV² ; Jalali F³ ; Kopaei MR⁴
Source: Current Pharmaceutical Design Published:2022

Abstract

The graphene family nanomaterials (GFNs) have been recognized to have potential applications in biomedicine, especially in the rag nostic, drug delivery and neuroimaging. Multiple studies have examined the neurotoxicity of GFNs to assay their toxic effects on organisms and ecosystems. In this article, we reviewed the different neurotoxicity effects of GFNs at intracellular levels, including nucleus-related effects and cytosolic mechanisms, as well as extracellular levels, including effects on enzyme activity, oxidative stress, behavior, neurotransmitters, and central nervous system (CNS). Furthermore, for the sake of the solution, we discussed the reducing ways of graphene toxicity. A schematic description is shown in Fig. (1). © 2022 Bentham Science Publishers.