Itai Itai Disease Publisher



Mehdikhanmahaleh MM^{1, 2} ; Tabatabaeimalazy O³
Source: Encyclopedia of Toxicology# Fourth Edition: Volume 1-9 Published:2023

Abstract

Itai itai disease was caused by chronic cadmium poisoning, occurring among the Jinzu River basin inhabitants in Toyama Prefecture, Japan. The symptoms are severe pain from osteomalacia and breathlessness due to renal anemia. The primary mechanism is renal tubular dysfunction, which leads to hypophosphatemia, high levels of serum parathyroid hormone, decreased serum calcium level, and insufficient renal production of erythropoietin. Although renal tubular dysfunction is progressive and irreversible, vitamin D and erythropoietin can be helpful in osteomalacia, other possible bone injuries, and renal anemia. © 2024 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.